Are you trying to use NTLM to authenticate?
There is increased default security in Windows 7 (and Vista and Windows2008) that will only negotiate NTLMv2, whereas Alfresco only understands NTLMv1. Previous versions of Windows (XP) would drop back to NTLMv1 if NTLMv2 failed.
* On Windows 7, go to Control Panel->Administrative Tools->Local Security Policy.
* In the left pane, navigate to Security Settings->Local Policies->Security Options.
* In the right pane, find "Network Security: LAN Manager authenication level".
* By default, it's set to "Send NTLMv2 response only. Refuse LM & NTLM". Try setting it to "Send LM and NTLM - use NTLMv2 session security if negotiated".
This will allow Windows 7 to use the more secure NTLMv2 when available, but drop down to NTLMv1 for Alfresco.