The main thing to talk about here is the missing controller hook: The current functionality of adding a custom form control to share is limited to configure a freemarker template which has to render the control HTML. This works for simple cases, but often some controller logic is required to drive the new control (execute a search for a list, query the parent, do a remote call to the master database). So why cant a webscript be configured? The webscript controller could then do all the fun stuff.
I only know a hacky and rather advanced way to do this know, by defining a surf region/component that is included in the control freemarker. The region/component is then wired to a share webscript.
This works but has the drawback that any parameters or state (e.g. the current node, form value) has to pushed using request attributes - because there is no way in surf/share to parameterise a region/component call in the freemarker.
Other solutions to your problem besides the AJAX way (I used all discussed here) whould be to add a form filter on the repository side that adds the required information from your parent space as "virtual fields" to the form model.
I hope Alfresco engineering will extend the custom form templates to include a webscript.
lothar