Not quite sure what you are after since a node can have multiple aspects. By calling nodeService.getAspects(nodeRef) you will get a Set containing all aspects currently applied to the node.
Yes, but using that method i still don't know witch propertie belongs to an certain aspect! i don't want to use some substring method's to get the aspect name! I dont know if im explaining my point correctly!!!!
You can go to the DictionaryService, get the poperty definition and get its containing class - which will be a type or aspect. Note you will not be able to find masrker aspects applied to a node this way as they have no properties.