"What is an execution?"
A pointer to where you are in the process instance currently.
"What is the difference between an execution and a process instance?"
A process instance == a collection of executions, structured as a tree and stored relationally
"What is the difference between an activity, a task and a job?"
Activity = a step in the process, typically rounded rectangle in BPMN
task = something a user/system has to do
job = a timer or an async continutation of a process