I think I understand a bit more about indexing within Alfresco now (Lucene vs Solr, etc). I think for my purposes it is fine to use the default Lucene. I believe that the problem is that the Lucene indexes are not being created. In fact by default I don't even have a lucene-indexes directory within alf_data. I have tried creating this folder manually, and setting the index recovery mode to full (as recommended in other topics), but the indexes are not being created. After restarting the alfresco-tomcat service I observe the following errors:
10:32:08,339 ERROR [org.springframework.extensions.webscripts.AbstractRuntime] Exception from executeScript - redirecting to status template error: 08170002 Wrapped Exception (with status template): 08170012 Failed to execute script 'classpath*:alfresco/templates/webscripts/org/alfresco/slingshot/documentlibrary/doclist.get.js': 08170011 Failed to execute search: +ID:"" +(TYPE:"content" OR TYPE:"app:filelink" OR TYPE:"folder")
org.springframework.extensions.webscripts.WebScriptException: 08170002 Wrapped Exception (with status template): 08170012 Failed to execute script 'classpath*:alfresco/templates/webscripts/org/alfresco/slingshot/documentlibrary/doclist.get.js': 08170011 Failed to execute search: +ID:"" +(TYPE:"content" OR TYPE:"app:filelink" OR TYPE:"folder")
and
10:34:39,888 ERROR [org.alfresco.web.ui.common.Utils] Search failed due to system error: 08170019
org.alfresco.repo.search.impl.lucene.LuceneQueryParserException: 08170019