I would like to populate a selectmany control with data from either an Alfresco data list or from a database. Here is an XML stanza that currently uses a hard coded list. .
The control used for a given field is freemarker, and you can provide your own freemarker to render a control.
You can also provide your own client-side JavaScript that knows how to find and populate that control.
So one approach for doing what you are trying to do is to specify a custom control that includes a client-side JavaScript component that issues an AJAX call against a web service somewhere (could be an Alfresco web script running on either the Share tier or the Repository tier) that retrieves the values and populates the dropdown.
I don't know of an example of this off the top of my head and I'm sorry I don't have time to provide more details at the moment, but know that it is possible and hopefully this extremely high-level description will give you something to go on.