To enable the LDAP sync logging, you need to go to /webapps/alfresco/WEB-INF/classes and edit the log4j.properties file and add the following lines:
log4j.logger.org.alfresco.repo.importer.ImporterJob=debug
log4j.logger.org.alfresco.repo.importer.ExportSourceImporter=debug
log4j.logger.org.alfresco.repo.security.authentication.ldap=debug
Those log levels should also let you see what is preventing you from authenticating.
I do know that unless you set up local and LDAP chaining you're going to need to specify manually what users you want to be admins in /webapps/alfresco/WEB-INF/classes/alfresco/
The administrative users are specified in authority-services-context.xml, you should see them pretty clearly:
<property name="adminUsers">
<set>
<value>ldap username</value>
</set>
</property>