There's no CMIS way to get this information. There's unlikely to be either, as it isn't really a cross-repository thing
If you want to get back the list of known mimetypes, in an easy to process format, then your best bet is the "Mimetypes and their Descriptions" api - /alfresco/service/api/mimetypes/descriptions . This returns as JSON information on all the known Mimetypes. It doesn't tell you which ones have metadata extractors, and doesn't tell you which ones have converters to plain text (or similar), but it provides all you need to offer a dropdown list of supported types for a user to pick from.