Hello,
An aspect represents a set of properties and associations that can be added to a node. Aspects can be "technical" or "functional". For example, adding "versionable" aspect on a node activates versioning on this node and provides all properties to manage versioning. That's what I call a technical aspect.
An example of "functional" aspect is "EXIF" aspect that adds metadata related to images to a node.
On a node, you can add several aspects in order to extend node metadata.