The Alfresco supported stack does not list any compatibilities with different versions of low-level libraries bundled with Alfresco, as Alfresco does not intend for community members, partners, customers or end-users to switch them out for newer versions at all. The general supported platforms information can be found in the corresponding section of the web site: https://www.alfresco.com/services/subscription/supported-platforms
Technically speaking, yes, it is possible to upgrade versions of (some) libraries, but it ususally is quite a tricky and risky process. With jQuery in mind, you'd need to find and remove/replace any references to older versions in hundreds of FreeMarker templates (using the <@script> directive or plain <script> HTML markup), and override the default Aikau AMD package mapping (e.g. https://github.com/Alfresco/Aikau/blob/develop/aikau/src/main/resources/extension-module/aikau-exten...). And then of course you'd need to test all UI functionality and fix any issues that come up yourself.
