Hello,
yes, Alfresco supports this feature by providing the option to define specialized sub-types of cm:folder with their distinct set of metadata, or by using aspects to apply specific metadata only to individual folders, not all of them. If you are using aspects, you should make sure that you are not forcing the fields originating from the aspects in your cm:folder form configuration, or they will effectively apply to all folder objects. Instead use the manage aspects action to apply your aspect and have that automatically add your fields into the "enhanced" folders.
Regards
Axel