Hello,
it depends on the kind of background processes wether they are able to survive a restart of Alfresco. Most have not specifically been designed to survive a restart, as this is a rather deliberate and interuptive action, which is uncommon for a production environment.
In general, the following assumptions can be made:
* synchronous rules / actions (e.g. metadata extraction) are interrupted and their transaction rolled back (not restarted) - including the part where a content item was uploaded / modified
* asynchronous rules / actions are interrupted and their transaction rolled back (not restarted) - the content modification remains intact, but suspension of the rules / actions may result in a inconsistent state
* scheduled rules / actions are interrupted and their transaction rolled back - scheduled actions may be automatically re-run after startup depending on their schedule
As to finding out which elements still need actions / rules to apply: this depends on the rule / action in question and may be difficult or even impossible to identify, depending the conditions before / after the rule / action was executed.
Regards
Axel